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S   6  <Nu    d*b     6  < u   f*b   H  0Dhȗ ? 3380___PPT10.kO\EH "(    0o  N9    b*b     0t   9   f*b     6xy  <Nu    V*b     68  < u   X*b   H  0Dhȗ ? 3380___PPT10./P"5F 0 $6(  $x $ c $p2     ~ $ s *3     H $ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +' ' 0 6 R(   ~   s *       s *$ P   "\LHDdH   0޽h ? ̙33 ___PPT10.>dell d.5 .>dell d."3~jj+D='  = @B + & 0 a0(  x  c $H _^   x  c $ _^   H  0޽h ? ___ff3ff___PPT10.>dell d.: +D='  = @B +} " 0 $(  r  S  `   r  S @    H  0޽h ? ___ff3ff___PPT10i.n+D='  = @B + E 0 F(  x  c $ _^     c $j ^`   "\LHDdH  0޽h ? ___ff3ff___PPT10i.oss+D='  = @B + 2 0  >xH(  x x S P< _^    x S  8 pP   "\LHDdH x 0޽h ? ___ff3ff___PPT10i.J`+D='  = @B + 8 0 :(  r  S 0/      S 8   ^P   "\LHDdH  0޽h ? ___ff3ff___PPT10.>dell d.$2 .`+D='  = @B + = 0  :(  r  S  _^     S  l ^P   "\LHDdH  0޽h ? ___ff3ff___PPT10i.@r+D='  = @B +} $ 0 P$(  r  S t8 ^   r  S 88 P 8  H  0޽h ? ___ff3ff___PPT10i.o+D='  = @B +( 0 p'(  ^  S Q     c $п  -   There are different features of second generation with their parents They were born and grew up in cities where they attained their socialization They have little rural life experience and are more familiar with urban operational rules They Discontented with subsistence jobs, asking for decent jobs They have totally different expectations from employment and life compared with their parents b`*``@`]dd  H  0Dhȗ ? 3380___PPT10.n` * 0  (   ^   S ?z   ~   c $^ -   the second generation rural migrants will play an important role in labor market in the coming decade The rural migrant workers flooding to cities during the 1980s and 1990s will withdraw from the labor market in ten years, and their children, the second generation rural migrants, will play an important role. We must choose between continuing using them as cheap labors or addressing the issue of their employment at the strategic level of creating the dignified and independent laborer and making the new citizen. Education and skill constitute important channels for social mobility. Opportunities for the second generation rural migrants to rid of vulnerability and marginalization their parents have brought them and realize intergenerational mobility through education present as important premises for a harmonious society. Institutional reform has caused great changes to China s social stratification structure and social mobility between the late 1970s and the mid 1990s. From the mid 1990s onward, the social stratification structure tends to fix. In the future, education will gradually replace institutional reforms as the major mechanism for social mobility. Since 1980, the raise of neo-libelism and economic -globalization has a great impact on the market-oriented and expansion of higher education. The number of students has grown rapidly. Along with the expansion of higher education, the disparity between the colleges and the cost of schooling has increased dramatically .The students from the lower class families are facing greater competition and disadvantage conditions. Along with the expansion of higher education, the disparity between the colleges and the cost of schooling has increased dramatically .The students from the lower class families are facing greater competition and disadvantage conditions. S,gYeSNw0ROۏ>yO~NmGWI{SvKbklS:NOۏ>yO~NmRSv:g6R0 dkY @w>yOVSvSU\ 'Yf[u1\N-N 6rk[^vq_TV }]~b:NP[sY1\NvQ[V } ^Yèof0 Ab $f b :b b J b  b b N  v V   H   0Dhȗ ? 3380___PPT10.o!, 0  (  d  c $$S   v  s * 8     We started a project to study issues related with rural migrant workers in 1999, and set up community centers in migrant communities to provide social support and service activities to the children of rural migrant workers, as part of our project. During the summer vacation in 2005, a fashionable young lady greeted me with smile when I came out from a migrant community center. It was Cheng, a former member of the center. She was in her third year in primary school when I first met her. Now she was 18 and had a job. My encounter with Cheng was followed by more communications with the second generation rural migrants who were former members of this center and went to school in Beijing, and some of whom have found employment in the capital city. The interactions and conversations resulted in ten focus groups between September 2005 and December 2007, as well as in-depth interviews and follow-ups, providing clues for us to examine the development and future of the second generation rural migrants. We have tracked the development of 18 children of rural migrant workers. The kids have participated activities at the community centers since they were young and have kept in touch with us. &bb  H  0Dhȗ ? 33. - 0   0$> (  $d $ c $$%     $ s *t 9 2   ( z Rationale In the process of rapid economic development and urbanization in China, new groups appear in the lasting large-scale rural-to-urban flow of population. there are 18 million floating population among which 14.9 million are rural migrant workers in 2009. (National statistics bureau) In 2010, a State Council document paid attention to the new generation migrant workers who have been given different labels such as  the second generation rural migrant workers ,  the 80s rural migrant workers ,  the 90s rural migrant workers , or  the second generation of rural migrant workers , revealing a trend that this cohort is becoming the main actor of rural migrant workers. Despite all these labels, the group is ambiguously defined, since the labels contain temporal, generational and class aspects. The second generation of rural migrant workers, or the second generation rural migrants, is the same generation with the new generation rural migrant workers. They are similar in some aspects while different in others. The focus of this article is on the second generation of rural migrant workers so as to study new generation of rural migrant workers from the perspective of intergenerational mobility. LPc bbc>      H $ 0Dhȗ ? 3380___PPT10.kOhW7 0 ^|g(  |^ | S ?z    | c $8  -   ]The bitterness in their experience with finding employment in cities made the first generation rural migrants realize that good education for their children is an important device to get rid off their marginalized position. Our surveys in Beijing with the second generation rural migrants and their parents show that both the children and their parents have rather high expectations for education, career and life in the future. Over 90% of the respondents hope they (or their children) will be able to obtain a college or higher degree. Their expectations for the future career also involve those with requirements on more education and skills, mostly white-color jobs that will bring higher social status. . The education and future for children service as the main drive and hope for most rural migrant workers who toil and moil in cities. However, restrained by their origin and institution, their dream of better economic status for the family and upward mobility for their children often falls short. (Zbb    H | 0Dhȗ ? 3380___PPT10.`b`= 0 \T(  ^  S Q   N  c $t68  -   The rural migrant workers flooding to cities during the 1980s and 1990s will withdraw from the labor market in ten years, and their children, the second generation rural migrants, will play an important role. We must choose between continuing using them as cheap labors or addressing the issue of their employment at the strategic level of creating the dignified and independent laborer and making the new citizen. Education and employment interacts with each other. Institutional barriers inhibit the second generation rural migrants from continuing their school after compulsory education. They would have to go back to their places of origin to continue their education and realize rural-to-urban and social mobility. Many of them have to enter the labor market prematurely, after or even before they finish junior high school, to which education gap caused by institutional barriers contributes greatly. b  H  0Dhȗ ? 3380___PPT10. Ҵ A 0 ^(  ^  S k   }  c $4a8  V  >6___PPT9 The haste urbanization and marketization,as well as current institutional discrimination, laid barriers against social inclusion for the second generation rural migrants They have little interaction with city residents and are excluded from city communities With the double denial from registered urban residents and current urban administration institutions, urban societies are exclusive to new comers A gap that is hard to step over: barriers against social inclusion Unlike their parents, the second generation rural migrants mostly learned their socialization in cities. They do not have the problem of re-socialization and assimilation to urban life. They are urbanized in language, ways of dressing and behavior. They pursue fashion just like other young people in cities. However, the haste urbanization and marketization, and the current institutional discrimination have deprived the second generation rural migrants of opportunities to interact and communicate with urban residents on an equal foot. They are restrained by their origin and stuck in marginalized positions; integration into and assimilation with the city is extremely hard. The double denial from both urban administration institution and urban residents only makes the situation worse. R^b\bbbN       H  0Dhȗ ? 3380___PPT10.@rJI 0 Z(  d  c $Q     s *L8  -   D>The problem of schooling of the second generation rural migrants in cities Employment of the second generation rural migrants A gap that is hard to step over: barriers against social inclusion Although living in cities since they were very young, they face challenges of education, employment and social inculsion,because of their status and institutional barriers.sSONNN\(WW^u;m 1uNNP6RS6R^x NNb[Ye/1\NNS>yOTI{ N*Nebv0 Fbbb2b~  B  o  ,      H  0Dhȗ ? 3380___PPT10.oqusJ 0 `X)((  (d ( c $Q   L ( s *䘿  -  v0___PPT106___PPT9 \ *c c   H ( 0Dhȗ ? 3380___PPT10.kOLHr !x2?:]E tRJb_ifO0}x~LOW IZ*]ȗT0۟I-7  Oh+'0  hp  PowerPoint PresentationpublicEclipsedell774Microsoft PowerPoint@pDC6@9@0XllGg  n \ \ &WMFC lx  EMFz>`<F(GDICx!b $$=='% % V0xx x % % $$AA" FGDICF(GDIC VF(GDIC+-!b $$==_888% % W$*-x % % $$AA( " FGDICF(GDICV( !b $$=='%  ;X@ 88x8ISSSSY(SX(=<>V % $$AA" FGDICF(GDIC F( !b $$=='ff%  ;X@ '7JJJJY(JX(=<> E % $$AA" FGDICFGDICF(GDIC>FGDICRp[SOL8|8siL(8Ui|tt,it8%0|88ti i idv%    ffTr BUU BLl_W^SǏ z-NQl],{NNvh % ( Rp[SO%L[SOaxxh4 X9[SO 0  txO0Xi%0t` xtixxt i idv%    ffTd"6)r BUU B)LT`Ncb  % ( F(GDICJqFGDICRp[SOL[SOaxx8 X9[SO 0 txO0Xi%0t` xtixxt i idv%    T`HYY^r BUU BH^LT Vs` % ( Rp[SOCL[SOaxx8 X9[SO 0  t xO0Xi%0t` x tixxt i idv%    T1`qer BUU B1e LdSN>yOyf[b>yOf[@b % ( Rp[SONL[SOaxx8 X9[SO 0  t xO0Xi%0t` xtixxt i idv%    T+hvmr BUU B+m LhAmRNSYeNLRxvz-N_ % (   x--$xx--'--%,,--'--#8&.8AIPUUU--'ff--#8   ( 0 8?EEE --'?-. ff72  ٳлũ񹤵ڶ."System?|I????-%-. ff2 )ս .--. 2 ^H.-C-. 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